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ANALYSIS OF LECTURES 

ON THE GREATER STATES OF 

Continental Europe. 



. 



ANDREW D. WHITE. 



& imvttt $txk$ vf Wutm& mx ^Xvfttxn Stefoyg. 



THE GREATER STATES 



OF 



Continental Europe 

SYLLABUS 

PREPARED FOR THE GRADUATING CLASSES 
OF 

THE CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 



BY ANDREW D. WHITE, 

PRESIDENT, AND PROFESSOR OF HISTORY, 



IT S. A. 




^ ITHACA: 
Printed at The University Press , 
■ _ 1874. 



Nf4^ 



TO THE 

JkeberettSi ^oa!t Porter, 39. H., 

PRESIDENT OF YALE COLLEGE, 

IN GRATITUDE FOR INSTRUCTION AND FRIENDSHIP, 

I DEDICATE 

THIS COURSE OF LECTURES. 

A. D. W. 

Cornell University, April, 1874. 



SYLLABUS. 



ITALY. 

FIRST LECTURE. 

FROM DESTRUCTION OF HER INDEPENDENCE BY CHARLES V. 
(1530) TO FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789). 

i. End of the Italian Republic and Republican 
Liberties. Want of Civil Liberty. Intense local spirit. 
Anarchy. Two causes of Foreign Intervention. 

2. Final Blow to Italian Liberty and Independ- 
ence. Charles V. ; his coronation at Bologna, February, 
1530. Ferruci's struggle. 

3. General Summary of Italian History from the 
Loss of Independence to the French Revolution. 

Divisions in territory ; — in political action and feeling. 

Civil War between rival territories, as Genoa and Corsica ; 
between rival houses, as Barberini and Farnese ; between ri- 
val factions, as the Inscribed and Uninscribed nobles of Genoa. 

Insurrections of mobs, as of Masaniello at Naples : insur- 
rections headed by schemers, as of Fiesco at Genoa : insur- 
rections headed by patriots, as of Burlamacchi at Lucca. 

Tyranny and Luxury, as of the Gonzaga, Este and othef 
reigning families. 



6 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

Plots and Assassinations. Assassination of Alexander by 
Lorenzino de Medicis as a type. 

Oppression by Foreign Pozvers. Louis XIV. and his brutal 
methods, as towards Genoa. Austria, and the growth of her 
influence. The one bright spot. The Leopoldine Adminis- 
tration in Tuscany. 

4. The Papacy. Revival of its earnestness and devotion 
to Religion at close of Sixteenth Century. Paul IV. and the 
Inquisition. Pius V. and the present to the Duke of Alva. 
Papal league with the Jesuits. Education. Papal Govern- 
ment and its defects. The great Pope, Sixtus V. 



The. Greater States of Continental Europe. 7 

ITALY . 
SECOND LECTURE. 

FROM 1530 TO 1789— CONTINUED. 

i. Decline in the Italian Character. Political atro- 
phy. Moral, social and religious debasement. Two great 
causes and consequences of this: I. Substitution of Spanish 
for Italian ideas of labor ; II. Cicisbeism and loss of family 
life. Italian education of that period. General characteris- 
tics of the Sixteenth Century revealed in Benvenuto Cellini's 
Memoirs. 

2. Decline in Science and Literature. Rise of great 
men, and their reception. Galileo and Giannone. Course of 
literature. Metastasio. Alfieri. 

3. Decline OF Art. Painting. Sculpture. Architecture. 

4. Preservation of Nominal Republics ; Venice as 
typical. 

5. The HOUSE OF Savoy. Its bad and good qualities. 

6. REVIVAL OF Thought, and especially in the Eighteenth 
Century. Vico. Beccaria. Filangieri. Deadness. of the 
Italian peninsula at the outbreak of the French Revolution, 



8 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

ITALY. 
THIRD LECTURE. 

FROM 17S9 TO 1815. 

1. Ideas OF Bartoli just before 1786 as to the impossi- 
bility of further revolutions in Italy. 

2. Effects of French Thought. Effects of reforms of 
Leopold and others. Difference between upper and lower 
classes in reception of the new ideas. 

3. Check upon Advance of Revolution in Italy by 
French extravagance and terrorism. 

4. Bonaparte's Apostolate for liberty in Italy. His 
qualifications. His method of securing the cooperation of 
Italian liberals. Comparisons between various proclamations 
of Bonaparte at this period. Effects of his victories. 

5. The New Italian Republics. Causes of Italian es- 
trangement from the French. Culmination in Treaty of 
Campo Formio. 

6. Falling Back of Italy during Bonaparte's absence in 
Egypt. Effect of his return. Passage of the Alps. Battle 
of Marengo. 

7. His Fatal Dealings with Italian Unity. Appar- 
ent exception in consolidation in Northern Italy. His man- 
agement with Naples and Tuscany as showing his real spirit. 

8. His Fatal Dealings with Italian Liberty. Trans- 
formation of republics into kingdoms. Provision for his fam- 
ily and retainers in them. Suffering and loss of Italy, under 
him, in men, in treasure, and in monuments. One redeeming 
feature. Improvement in administration. 

9. Reaction in Italy after Downfall of Napoleon. 
State of Italian feeling. Dealings with Italy by the allied 
powers. Establishment in the peninsula of Austrian su- 
premacy. 

10. Futility of the Settlement of Italian Affairs 
at the Restoration of the Bourbons. Violation of the na- 
tional feelings for liberty, unity and independence, 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 9 

ITALY. 
FOURTH LECTURE. 

FROM 1S15 TO 1S48. 

i. Rise and Progress of Liberalism. Growth of se- 
cret societies. The Carbonari (Ventes, Boris Cousins, etc.) 

2. Farther Encroachments of Reaction. Meeting 
of European sovereigns at Aix-la-Chapelle, Troppau, etc. 
Reestablishment of the Jesuits by Pope Pius. Reactionary 
writings. De Maistre. Reactionary secret societies. The 
Sanfediste. Constitutions withdrawn. Efforts to keep down 
intelligence. Discrimination against foreign books in Naples. 

3. Disheartening Events for Italian Liberals. At- 
tempted revolution of 1821 ; its failure; wretched part -taken 
by Charles Albert in it. Political effect of the cholera. Des- 
potism triumphant. Typical case of Enrico Mayer. 

4. Two New Growths of Liberalism : a. The Radicals. 
Joseph Mazzini ; his early education ; his reasons for casting 
aside Carbonarism. Creation of the Young Italy Party. 
Mode of working. Sad results ; case of the Bandieri as typ- 
ical. B. The Moderates and their work. 



10 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

ITALY. 

FIFTH LECTURE. 

FROM 1S15 TO 1848— CONTINUED. 

i. The Moderate Reformers and their Work. 
Completion of the History of the Italian Republic, by Sis- 
mondi (1818); character of its final chapters. Cesare Balbo, 
and his work on The Hopes of Italy. Vincenzo Gioberti, and 
his work on The Primacy of Italy. Massimo d' Azeglio, and 
his writings, especially the Ultimi cast di Romagna. Giuseppe 
Giusti, and his poems. 

2. ANARCHIC TENDENCIES. Struggles and quarrels. Ital- 
ian journalism, and its miserable part in these struggles. 

3. Accession of Pius IX. to the Papacy. Noble ele- 
ments in his character. Hopes of the liberals. Reforms by 
Pius. His caution and halting. Way in which his efforts 
were met. Assassination of Rossi. (One effect of political 
assassinations). Flight of the Pope. His reestablishment 
by the French. Destruction of the Roman Republic. 

4. Charles Albert, King of Piedmont. Hope of Mod- 
erate party in him. Characteristics of his family; value of 
these. Charles Albert at the head of a new movement for 
independence. Defeat at Novara. Abdication and death of 
king. Accession of Victor Emanuel. 

5. PROSTRATION of Italy. Cruelties at the sacking of 
Brescia. Severities at Milan. General harshness of Austrian 
rule in Italy. Bigotry and reaction triumphant. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. i I 

ITALY. 
SIXTH LECTURE. 

CAVOUR, VICTOR EMANUEL AND THE NEW KINGDOM. 

i. Recapitulation of Italian Affairs up to 1849. 

2. Conduct of Victor Emanuel at his accession. Ra» 
detzky's proposal as to violation of the Constitution, Victor 
Emanuel's answer and its cost. 

3. Characteristics of Savoy; its people; its ruling 
house. Its bigotry in former days ; its basis of truthfulness 
and steadiness ; recent examples in the Spanish branch of the 
House of Savoy (1872-3). 

4. First Ministry. D' Azeglio and others. 

5. CAVOUR; his education ; his early history; his conduct 
of Sardinian affairs under Victor Emanuel; his policy as to 
the Crimean War ; his struggle at Paris, 

6. The War of 1859 with Austria. Causes which led 
France into it. Personal and political causes ; the Orsini at* 
tempt in Paris (January 14, 1858). Edmond About's Roman 
Question. Battles of Magenta and Solferino and their results. 
Peace of Villa Franca. Cession of Nice and Savoy to France. 
Moral effect of this in Italy. Garibaldi at Naples. Kingdom 
of Italy founded. Death of Cavour, 1861. His last words. 
Fitting monument to him in the Campo Santo at Pisa. The 
monument at Turin. 

7. Venice added to Italy in the more recent distress of 
Austria. Occupation of Rome as the Capital of the Italian 
Kingdom. 

8. The Kingdom of Italy in its General Character. 
Its material capacities and defects. Political strength given 
it by the establishment of the new Prussian power. Political 
difficulties. Religious difficulties. The education question. 
Hopes for the future. 



12 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

SPAIN. 
FIRST LECTURE. 

THE PERIOD OF GROWTH AND STRENGTH. 

1. SOURCES OF INFORMATION regarding growth and decay 
of the Spanish power. Peculiar value of the investigation of 
the general course of Spanish history. 

2. Physical Advantages of Spain, as regards commerce, 
manufactures, etc. Examination of Buckle's statement re- 
garding effects of physical causes on the Spanish national 
character. 

3. Early History of Spain. The mixture of Roman, 
Barbarian, Christian and Mohammedan elements. The relig- 
ious wars. Liberties of municipalities and districts. The 
Church. Some leading characteristics of the nation. 

4. Ferdinand and Isabella. Union of territories. Central- 
ization of power. Alliance with the Church made closer. 
The Inquisition. Religious wars renewed. Expulsion of the 
Jews. The statesmanship of Ximenes. Effects of colonial, 
mines. Ranke's view. 

5. .Charles I. (Charles V. of Germany). Concentration of 
power in him. The main cause of his difficulties with Spain. 
Insurrections. Use made of them in suppressing remains of 
old Spanish liberties. Buckle's observations on character of 
wars prosecuted by Charles, two out of three being wars of 
religion. His resistance to the Papacy in temporal, but sup- 
port in spiritual matters. Evidence of this in his last years, 
and in the codicil to his will. Effect of his reign on the na- 
tion, and on the Spanish character. 

6. Philip II. Difference between Charles and Philip in 
relation to Spain, and to Europe. His strength among the 
people, and in Europe. Macaulay's statement of this, and of 
the extent and power of Spain at this period. Acquisition 
of Portugal. The leading features of his foreign policy. 
Part taken in the wars of religion in France. Marriage in 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. \% 

England. War against England. War with the Netherlands. 
Domestic policy. War with the Moriscos. The Inquisition. 
Ancient and modern arguments and apologies for the Inquisi- 
tion. Balmes's argument. Lafuerte. Dalton (cite preface 
to Hefele's Ximenes). Philip's resistance to Papacy in certain 
temporal matters. His zeal in spiritual matters. His consci- 
entiousness and vigor. Germs planted and fostered by him. . 



14 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

SPAIN . 
SECOND LECTURE. 

THE PERIOD OF DECLINE. 

i. Rapidity and Extent of this Decline. Various 
statements and explanations of it : Sempere's ; Dunham's ; 
Buckle's. 

2. Philip III. Twenty years rule of the Duke of Lerma. 
Close alliance with the Church. Increase in ecclesiastical in- 
fluence, and in religious foundations. The Archbishop of 
Valencia, and the expulsion of the Moriscos. Effect of their 
expulsion. Their services to Spain in agriculture, manufac- 
tures, etc. The Netherlands independent. 

3. Philip IV. Rule of the favorite Olivares. Pretenses 
of reform. Decline in national industry. Insurrection of the 
Catalans. Rebellion in Portugal. Loss of West India trade. 
Loss of revenue and strength at home, and of consideration 
abroad. 

4. CHARLES II. His wretched condition, physical and 
mental. Power of the Church. Condition of trade, manu- 
factures, municipal wealth, army and navy, etc. Intrigue for 
the succession. Porto Carrero. 

5. PHILIP V. Accession of the Bourbons. War of the 
Succession. Revival of Spain. Disappearance of Spanish 
talent. Foreign skill called into army, schools, manufactures, 
mines, diplomacy, finance, and even supreme management of 
state affairs. Vendomc, Albcroni, Ripperda, and others. Re- 
straint on the Church. 

6. Ferdinand VI. Progress in Spanish affairs. Restraint 
of the Church. Improvement of revenue. Treasure left to 
his successor. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 1 5 

SPAIN . 

THIRD LECTURE. 

PERIOD OF DECLINE. 

1. CHARLES III. Sources of his ideas. Domestic policy. 
Freedom of trade ; law-reform ; education ; public works ; 
literature and science. Dealing with banditti. His ministers, 
Campomanes and Aranda. Policy as to Church. Practical 
suppression of the Inquisition. Expulsion of the Jesuits. 
Restriction of pecuniary tributes to Rome. Colonial policy. 
Growth of Spain and new colonies under it. Comparison 
with cotemporary policy of England. Foreign policy. Posi- 
tion of Spain in Europe. Treaties with infidel powers. 

2. Charles IV. Reaction. Undoing in five years the 
work of three generations of statesmen. Restoration of 
power to Church, and of energy to the Inquisition. Aid to 
American colonies against England. Rapid sinking of Spain. 
Godoy. Spain at the coming in of the French Revolution. 
Treaty of Basle (1795). The Crown Prince and Escoiquiz. 
Napoleon's snare. Seizure and imprisonment of Spanish 
royal family. 

3. Joseph Bonaparte. His attempt at just rule. Re- 
forms. His misgivings. Spanish uprising. Character of the 
war of Spanish liberation. Loss of the American colonies. 

4. Ferdinand VII. The restoration of the Spanish Bour- 
bons. Reaction. Inquisition. Index Expurgatorins. Expul- 
sion of professors. Revolution of 1 82 1. Riego. Final aboli- 
tion of Inquisition. Conference of Verona, and interference 
by the Holy Alliance. Duke of Angouleme's expedition. 
Insurrections, confusions and distress. Change in law of 
succession. Blanco White's picture of Spain. 

5. Isabella II. War of the succession. Christina and 
Don Carlos. Intrigues, pronunciamentos, insurrections and 
revolutions. French marriage intrigues. Queen's religion 
and morality. Revolutions and counter-revolutions. Final 
overthrow of Isabella. 



1 6 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

6. Interregnum. General Prim. Victor Amadeus. Dif- 
ficulties. The Savoy tradition, and the King's lessons to 
Spain. Mr. John Hay's vivid picture of recent Spanish af- 
fairs. The abdication of Victor Amadeus ; its causes and re- 
sults. Castellar, the republic, and the reaction. 

7. Summary of Main Causes of Spanish Decline : 
A. The religious wars, the spirit which generated them and 
was generated by them. B. Persecution and the Inquisition. 
C. Expulsion of the Jews and Moriscos. D. Power given the 
.Church, and growth of clerical body. E. Feeling regarding 
commerce and manufactures. F. Anarchic tendencies. Re- 
sumption of all these into one statement by Buckle. Rela- 
tion in Spain between government and people. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 1 7 

AUSTRIA. 
FIRST LECTURE. 

1. The Breaking up of Medleval Institutions, at 
the close of the Fifteenth Century. Favorable characteristics 
of Maximilian for taking part in this extension of Austrian 
power. The Burgundian marriage, and others. Consolida- 
tion of Austrian power. The Landpeace and'Imperial Coun- 
cil. Improvement in military organization. Improvement 
in general civilization. Interesting change in theory of em- 
pire at this period. (Comparison between Putter and Bryce). 

2. The Reformation Period. Charles V. and his power. 
His characteristics. His wars and general work. Effects of 
the Reformation on the monarchy, and on the political condi- 
tion of the empire. The religious peace of Passau, 1552 (or 
Augsburg, 1555). 

3. The Toleration Period. Division of the realm of 
Charles V. at his death. Accession of Ferdinand I. Good 
effects of the " Religious Peace." Ferdinand's noble adhe- 
rence to toleration. His difficulties. Adherence of sundry 
other German emperors to toleration, especially Maximilian 
II., for over sixty years. 

4. Period of the Thirty Years War. Difficulties in 
the way of toleration. Ferdinand II. and his bigotry. Cor- 
responding bigotry on the Protestant side. Evangelical Un- 
ion, and Catholic League. Terrible material and moral re- 
sults. Wretched political results. Peace of Westphalia 
(1648). 

5. Period of Advancement, a. Sufferings and indigni- 
ties from Louis XIV. Consolation finally from Prince Eugene. 
B. Sufferings and indignities from the Turks. Redemption 
by John Sobieski. C. Sufferings and indignities from Fred- 
eric the Great, Prussia and Bavaria. Aid from the Hunga- 
rians. 

6. PERIOD of Recovery. Rule of Maria Theresa. Cir- 
cumstances of her accession. Fusion of Hungary into Ger- 
many. The Partition of Poland, and the judgments which 
have been passed upon it. 



1 8 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

AUSTRIA. 
SECOND LECTURE. 

THE REIGN OF JOSEPH II., 17S0-90. 

i. Importance of this Reigx in the study of political 
and social progress. 

2. Character of the German Imperial Monarchy 
when Joseph began his work. Its extent. Its subjects. Di- 
versity of origins, customs, languages and ideas. Power of 
nobility and clergy. 

3. Education of Joseph. His travels. Influence direct 
and indirect upon his ideas. His life before his accession to 
full imperial power. Comparison of his liberalism with that 
of Frederic the Great. 

4. Joseph's Theories of Reform: a. As to Consolida- 
tion of Empire; B. as to Feudalism; c. as to Superstition 
and Ecclesiastical Dominion ; i>. as to Advancement of 
thought; E. as to building up Material Interests. 

5. Joseph's Practice ix Reform: a. Consolidation of 
Empire. Difficulties. Resistance. Example of this in Hun- 
gary. P. Dealings with Feudalism. Edict of 1780. Aboli- 
tion of corvees, heriots, etc. Greatest defect in this. Example 
given by England and Russia on this point. Joseph's remark 
about equality. C Dealings with the Church. Blow at Pa- 
pal intrusion. Suppression of monasteries. Provision for 
secularized education. Effects of this attempt in the Neth- 
erlands. Suppression of monasteries, pilgrimages, and sun- 
dry fetichisms. Edict of toleration. Good treatment of 
Protestants and Jews. Abolition of clerical censorship. D. 
Efforts for Advancement of Thought. Difference between Jo- 
seph II. and Frederic the Great in literary culture. Compari- 
son of their work. Joseph's creation of schools, colleges ami 
universities. E. Efforts for Advancement of Material Inter- 
ests. Aid to manufactures. Suppression of internal custom- 
houses. Prohibitory duties. Canals, roads, harbors, etc. 
Efforts to open navigation of the Scheldt. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 19 

6. Joseph's Dealings with the Netherlands' Char- 
ter. La Joyeuse Entre'e. His competition in education with 
the clerical establishment at Louvain. Rebellion. Declara- 
tion of independence. 

7. Joseph's Dealings with Hungary. Superstition re- 
garding Poland and Hungary recently current among us. 
Difficulty in combating these. Joseph's dealings with the 
nobility. His compromise. 

8. Joseph's Ministers. Kaunitz and his brood. Sum- 
mary. Excellences and defects of Joseph's character and 
method. What was lost and what remained. His epitaph. 



20 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

AUSTRIA. 

THIRD LECTURE. 

FROM DEATH OF JOSEPH TO REVOLUTION OF 1S4S. 

i. Reactionary Development of Austrian States- 
manship. Kaunitz, Thugut, Colloredo, Cobentzl, Metter- 
nich. The Camarilla's influence. 

2. The Undoing of Reform. Leopold II. His charac- 
ter and previous history. Influences brought to bear upon 
him. His concessions in Church and State. 

3. Dealings with the French Revolution. The Dec- 
laration of Pilnitz. Alliance and distrust between Austria 
and Prussia. Murder of the French ambassadors at Rastadt. 
Feebleness of the Austrian method of conducting the war 
against France. Treacher}' of Thugut in military calamities. 
Moreau, Pichegru and Jourdan in north ; Bonaparte in south. 
Treaty of Campo Formio. 

4. DEALINGSWITH NAPOLEON. Recuperation of Austrian 
power. Causes of this. Catastrophe of Marengo, and treaty 
of Luneville. Ulm, Austerlitz, and treat)- of Presburg. 
Wagram, and treaty of Vienna. Descent of Austria shown 
in these treaties. Downfall of German empire, and creation 
of empire of Austria. Austria turned against Russia. Ex- 
trication by Metternich. The masterpiece of his school of 
statesmanship. 

5. The Reaction after Napoleon's Downfall. The 

Holy Alliance. Its results in Austria, in Italy, in Europe at 
large. Character of Francis I. of Austria. Increasing dis- 
content. Double insurrection in Gallicia (1846). Its effects 
in stren<jthenin<j reaction. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 21 

AUSTRIA. 
FOURTH LECTURE. 

FROM 1S4S TO THE PRESENT TIME. 

1. REVOLUTION of 1S48. Shock given to Austria. In- 
surrections in Vienna and elsewhere. Dangers revealed in 
Germany at large. Most startling revelation of all — want of 
national unity; in Hungary. Straits of the empire. Rus- 
sian intervention. Abdication of Francis II. and accession 
of Francis Joseph. 

2. The Second Reaction. New power of the Camarilla 
and Jesuits. Passiveness of the new emperor. Repressive 
measures. New Concordate. Apparent success in victories 
over new Italian spirit. Austrian brutality in Italy. The 
awakening at the Italian war of 1857. New revelation of 
Austrian weakness. Wretched condition of finances. 

3. The New Path of Austrian Statesmanship. Les- 
sons it has learned : as to clerical supremacy ; as .to dealings 
with her various nationalities ; as to finances ; as to progress 
in liberty and education. (Effect of lesson learned in its in- 
trigues with France, as to Mexican empire ; and in war with 
Prussia, 1869 ; and in dealings with Italy). The new brood 
of statesmen. Buol, Beust, Andreassy, and others. The 
Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Flopeful indications. Recent 
material progress. Growth of the Austrian capital. Public 
enterprise. Extension of railways ; industrial enterprises. 
Significance of the Exposition of 1873. Relations of Gov- 
ernment to the Church. 



22 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

THE NETHERLANDS. 

FIRST LECTURE. 

i. Place of the History of the Netherlands in Uni- 
versal History. Physical characteristics. Development of 
certain mental and moral characteristics during the Middle 
Ages. Bravery. Industry. Thrift. Impatience of Tyranny. 
Van Artevelde as a type. Turbulence. Feuds of " Hooks," 
and " Cods." 

2. The Burgundian Sovereignty. Its extent, power, 

brilliancy, manufactures and commerce. Growth of cities. 
Growth of rights and laws. Architecture. The Town Halls 
and their meaning. Painting. Political and social life as re- 
vealed by Froissart ; by Walter Scott ; by Barante. 

3. Differences between Northern and S01 nikrn" 

PROVINCES in certain popular characteristics, and in peculiar- 
ities of growth. Holland brought under Burgundian power 
(1428). Reign of Philip the Good. Extension of Municipal 
Liberties. Charles the Bold and his struggle with Democra- 
cy; and his resistance to the Centralization of Power. 

4. The Transfer to the House of Austria, and to 

Spain. Mary of Burgundy. Maximilian of Austria. Philip. 
Charles II. of Burgundy (Charles 1. of Spain and V. of Ger- 
many). 

3. The Protestant Reformation. Circumstances fa- 
vorable to its adoption and spread in the Netherlands. First 
persecutions by Charles. The great European wars and their 
effect on this persecution. New incentives to intolerance. 
Anabaptists. Fanaticism. Repressive measures. Popular 
development during this period. Abdication of Charles. 

6. Accession of Philip III. of Burgundy (Philip II. of 
Spain). Philip in the Netherlands. PI is energy against her- 
esy. Mingled religious, political and personal motives. In- 
quisition. New bishops. Stringent policy. Philip's depar- 
ture, and rule from Spain. Regency of Duchess of Parma. 
Granville. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 23 

7. " Le Compromis des Nobles" (1566). The Gueux. 
Political and religious causes of war. Alva. Terror at his 
approach. His administration. Egmont and Hoorn. Value 
of their example then and since. (Rossel's posthumous 
works). The Prince of Orange. Departure of Alva. Gene- 
ral state of the Netherlands. The pictures of Cardinal Ben- 
tivoglio's History compared with those of Schiller, Motley, 
and Davies. 

8. The Final Struggle against Spanish Rule. Re- 
quesens and his successors. Don John of Austria. Viglius. 
Popular spirit. Siege of Leyden. " Spanish fury" at Ant- 
werp. Pacification of Ghent. Foundation of the University 
at Leyden. The union of Utrecht (1579). Foundation of 
the Republic of the Seven Provinces. 



24 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

THE NETHERLANDS. 

SECOND LECTURE. 

FROM THE UNION OF UTRECHT (1579) TO THE TREATY OF 
MINSTER {WESTPHALIA) (1648). 

i. Renunciation of Allegianxe to Philip II. by the 
States General. "The Justification" of the Prince of Or- 
ange. Leading characteristics of the resulting war; its bit- 
terness ; its complications. Assassination of the Prince of 
Orange. 

2. Foreign Interference in the War. Part taken by 
England. The Earl of Leicester and Sir Philip Sidney ; what 
each sought and found. French interference: The Duke of 
Anjou at Antwerp, and the " French fur}-." Henry IV. 

3. Growth of Statesmen. The Family of Orange. 
Barneveldt. Grotius. Solidity and value of Dutch training 
in state craft. 

4. Contrasted Effects <>i the Long War and accom- 
panying events on Holland and Spain. Bankruptcy of Spain. 
Weakening of Philip II. in power. His death. Summary of 
his dealings with the Netherlands. Rapid decline of Spain 
under Philip HI. Continuance of the war. The truce of 
Twelve Years (1609). Reo gnition of the States General 
among European powers. 

5. A New Complication. Doctrinal differences between 
Dutch Protestants. Arminius and Gomarus. " Remon- 
strants" and " Contra-Remonstrants." Bitterness of the 
struggle. Thoughtful efforts of Dutch statesmen. Action 
of the clergy. Interference by James of England. Political 
difficulty complicated with religious difficult)-. Maurice, 
Prince of Orange, and Barneveldt. Arrest of Barneveldt 
and Grotius. Political operations of Maurice. Tin: SYNOD 
of Dort (1618). Disputes and judgments. Persecution and 
banishment of leading Remonstrants. Trial and execution 
of Barneveldt. Bitterness of popular feeling against the Re- 
monstrants. Application of Balmes's theory to these events. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 



*} 



Their importance in the history of progress towards tolera- 
tion. Escape of Grotius ; his sufferings and triumphs. 

6. New Outbreak of War with Spain. Varying for- 
tunes of the war. Its complication with the Thirty Years 
War in Germany. The Treaty of Munster (1648). Gen- 
eral observations on this struggle of sixty-eight years be- 
tween the Netherlands and Spain. 



26 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

THE NETHERLANDS. 

THIRD LECTURE. 

i. Series of Struggles with England. Main Causes. 
Commercial rivalry. Struggle in the colonies. Relations of 
the House of Orange to the Stuarts. Interference of the 
States General to save the life of Charles I. Dorislaus's as- 
sassination. Treatment of "regicide" embassadors. The 
English Navigation Act (165 11. The war by sea. Dutch 
bravery. Van Tromp. Cromwell's strength against the 
Dutch. Blake. Ill-feeling of Charles II. toward the Dutch. 
Humiliation of England by Dutch after the Restoration. 

2. Series of Struggles with France. Invasion of Hol- 
land by Louis XIV. Statesmanship of Sir William Temple 
and John De Witt. Macaulay's sketch of their work. The 
Triple Alliance (England, Holland and Sweden, 16681. Peace 
of Aix-la-Chapelle. 

3. The Struggle with England \\i> France United. 
England seduced from the alliance by France. Charles II. 
and Louis XIV. Contemptible part taken by the English 
government. Patriotic sacrifices of the Hutch in resisting this 
combination. Services of John He Witt. Hatred of Charles 
II., Louis XIV. and the Hutch rabble concentrated upon him. 
His murder by the latter. The judgment of mankind upon 
him then and now. Rise of William of Orange. The coun- 
try in his hands. 11 is statesmanship and generalship. His 
invasion of England, acceptance' of the British Crown, and 
dissolution of the French-English alliance (1688). 

4. Holland as a Leading European Power. Her un- 
ion with England and the Continental .Allies during the reigns 
of William and Mary, and Anne, (1688—17 14). Peace of 
Utrecht 1 171 31. 

5. Holland IN HER DECLINE. Increase of wealth, but 
decline in energy. Weakness and loss of colonies. Decline 
of commerce. Growth of factions. Constitution of 1747. 
( )range party in full power, and Prince of Orange Stadtholder. 
Hitter partisanship. Weakness at the outbreak of the Erench 
Revolution in 1 7 8 j . 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 2 J 

THE NETHERLANDS. 

FOURTH LECTURE. 

General History of Civilization during the Republi- 
can Period. Guizot's question and comparison as to French 
and Dutch Civilization. Doubts as to the justice of his con- 
clusion. 

i. Industrial and Commercial Progress. Develop- 
ment of peaceful activity and power. Great growth of man- 
ufactures and commerce. Foreign discoveries and enterprises. 
Agricultural .progress. Public Works. Drainage; Beemster 
Lake and others. Financial institutions. 

2. Intellectual Progress. Institutions of learning. 
Growth of Literature, Science and the Arts. Inventions — 
telescope, telegraph, etc. Certain abnormal phases (Tulipo- 
mania, etc.) 

5. POLITICAL PROGRESS. General character of the gov- 
ernment. Leading features in its structure. Effects of pre- 
dominance of the mercantile- spirit. Blots on the statute 
books, etc. 

4. Moral Progress. Noble examples of certain Dutch 
citizens. General reputation of the people. Injuries to this 
arising from the over-development of the mercantile spirit. 

5. Main Distinction between Different Parts of the 
Netherlands. General statement of the nature and causes of 
this difference. 

6. The Period of Decline. Financial difficulties. War 
debt. Mississippi and South Sea Bubbles. Colonial decay. 
Decline of commerce. Recurring wars with France, and their 
effects. The Constitution of 1747. Prince of Orange Stadt- 
holder. Political decline. Results of unrestrained partisan- 
ship. The Orange and Patriot parties. Success of the former. 
Effects of the decay of boldness with the increase of wealth. 
Weakness of Netherlands in hands of France. Revolution- 
ists and Napoleon. 



28 Analysis of Lectures on tJie History of 

THE NETHERLANDS. 

FIFTH LECTURE. 

FROM 17S9 TO 1S30. 

i. Dealings of the French Revolutionary Power 

WITH THE NETHERLANDS. Invasion of Holland (1793). Pa- 
triot party favors the French. Difference between the Dutch 
resistance to this invasion and to that of Louis XIY. Dis- 
solving power of French philosophy and revolutionary ideas. 
The Netherlands at the mercy of France. French spoliations. 

2. The Netherlands under Napoleon. His cutting 
and carving at the Belgian provinces. Holland given to Louis 
Bonaparte as- King. Difference between the two brothers as 
to the theory and practice of government, and its results. 

3. Tin: Netherlands from 1815 to 1S30. Belgium and 
Holland united by the treaties of 1S15 into a kingdom under 
the House of Orange. General political intention in this. 
Difficulties besetting the new- kingdom. Differences in relig- 
ion; tradition; customs; language; interests. Numerical 
difference. Policy of the Dutch king on each of these points. 
Suppression of trial by jury. Centralization of administra- 
tion at the Dutch capital. Dutch monopoly of offices. Laws 
regarding education abroad. Interference with the ecclesias- 
tical monopoly of the University of Louvain. (Parallel with 
the attempt of Joseph II.) Conduct of clergy on both sides. 
Union of ultra liberals with reactionists. Effect on Nether- 
lands of the French revolution of 1830. Revolution at Brus- 
sels. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 2t) 

THE NETHERLANDS. 
SIXTH LECTURE. 

FROM 1S30 TO 1874. 

i. Belgium Throws off its Allegiance to the Nether- 
lands government. Paralysis of the parties to the treaties of 
18 1 5 by the French revolution of 1830. Separation of the 
two kingdoms. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg made King of the 
Belgians. 

2. Holland SINCE 1830. Agricultural, industrial and eco- 
nomical progress. Political quiet. Her dangers, real and 
supposed from Prussia. Good signs in her present condition. 

3. BELGIUM SINCE 1830. Thoroughness of her Agriculture. 
The Pays dc JVacs. Application of Science to Agriculture, 
and its results. Great development of Manufacturing indus- 
try ; Cockerell at Seraing as a type. Growth and strength of 
ecclesiastical power. Outgrowth of this in Belgian politics. 
General development of Belgian people. Importance of Bel- 
gium in the history of social problems. Mr. Cliffe-Leslie's 
essays ; his comparison of Belgian with English peasantry. 
Scars left on the nation by Spanish tyranny. Genius in polit- 
ical common sense shown by Leopold I. His dealings with 
Revolution. Present political status of the kingdom. Its 
religious status. 



30 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

PRUSSIA. 
FIRST LECTURE. 

THE FOUNDATIONS. 

1. BRANDENBURG. a. National characteristics. Disad- 
vantages as to soil, climate, coast. P.. Political characteristics 
— favorable and unfavorable.. C. Early history. Turbulence 
of North German feudal nobles. Emperor Sigismund's ap- 
pointment of the first Margrave. Character of the family 
thus introduced, and of its measures. D. Introduction of the 
Roman law in Sixteenth Century (Savigny). Significance of 
this. Results. E. Brandenburg in the Renaissance period. 
F. Brandenburg in the Reformation. Devotion to the new- 
movement. G. Brandenburg in the Thirty Years War. The 
Calvinist and Lutheran squabbles, and their results. Bran- 
denburg between Till)- and Gustavus Adolphus. 

2. PRUSSIA, a. Natural and political advantages and dis- 
advantages. B. Early history. The Teutonic order. Its 
work in the north. Marienburg and Konigsberg. Subjection 
to Poland. Separation from Poland and union with Branden- 
burg. 

3. The Consolidated Prussian Territory, a. Sum- 
mary of its characteristics. Effect on its policy of the pre- 
dominance of disadvantages, natural and political. Happy 
results. 

4. Till', GREAT ELECTOR, a. His internal policy. Con- 
solidation of power under him. Wretchedness of the people 
at large after the Thirty Years War. General administrative 
policy. The army. Legal reforms. Internal improvements. 
The Founding of Universities. B. His external policy. His 
difficulties. Early relations with Sweden, Poland and the Em- 
pire. Sturdiness against Louis XIV. Protection of op- 
pressed Protestants. The less satisfactory side of his policy. 
Explanation. 

5. Establishment of the Prussian Kingdom. Frede- 
ric I. Use of him as a foil for the display of Frederic the 



The Great a- States of Continental Europe. 3 1 

Great. Ridiculous and respectable sides of his effort. Spirit 
shown at his coronation. Continuance of a large policy re- 
garding education, and learned men by King and Queen. 
Importance of this. Frederic William II. Peculiar phase of 
despotism developed under him. Comparison of this with 
the despotism of Louis XIV. His whims. His unloveliness 
as depicted by the Margravine of Bareith. Estimate of him 
by Macaulay, Carlyle, and a noted German theologian. His 
steady adherence to the traditional policy of his house. 
Steady progress of Prussia under him. 



32 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

PRUSSIA. 
SECOND LECTURE. 

FREDERIC THE GREAT. 

i. His Early Training. Conflicting systems and ideas 
in which he found himself. Early triumph of French ideas in 
his mind. Later modification of them by the family ideas 
and traditions. 

2. Development of Frederic's Philosophical and 
Literary IDEAS. Influence of the philosophers of the 
Eighteenth Century upon him. Citations from his philosoph- 
ic writings; from his attempts in pure literature; from his 
satirical efforts. 

3. Development of Military Skill in him. His first 

war in Silesia 1 17401. Its pretext and real cause. Macaulay's 
sketch of this and other wars of the time. The Seven Years 
War, and the coalition against him. Disasters and successes. 
The battle of Rosbach. Personal characteristics exhibited. 
Wretchedness to which the kingdom was reduced. Turn <>f 
fortune in his favor. Results. 

4. His Internal Policy, a. Toleration. Relation to 
Catholics anil Protestants, Jesuits, Caivinists, Lutherans, 
Hussites, Huguenots. Part taken by him regarding Jesuit 
expulsion. Dealings with Catholic and Protestant persecut- 
or-;. Common sense in tempering despotism. (Cite Lord 
Mahon's History and notes). B. Legal reforms, c. Industri- 
al development. i>. Sumptuary ideas. 

5. Personal Characteristics. Strange contradictions 

in him of cynicism and care for others; of despotism and 
freedom; of justice and injustice; prodigality and frugality; 
culture and boorishness. FOREIGN POLICY. Machiavellian- 
ism. Macaulay's remark on the contrast between the Anti- 
Machiavel. and Frederic's entire practice in state-craft. Ap- 
parent necessity for this policy. Good results at first. 
Wretched and ruinous results at a later period. 

6. General Results op Frederic's Reign in Prussia. 
Carlyle's theory. Hausser :\s-. Macaulay. Advance in institu- 
tions. Growth of literature. Advance in certain fruitful and 
dangerous new ideas. General loosening up of old ideas. 
Various signs of this. Secret societies. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 33 

PRUSSIA. 
THIRD LECTURE. 

1. Condition of North Germany just before the begin- 
ning of the French Revolution. A. Organization of the va- 
rious sovereignties. Antiquated laws. Legalized oppression. 
Abuses. B. Character of the ruling classes. Extravagance 
and debauchery of the Prince-Bishops and their satellites of 
the old Church. Pedantry, stiffness and deadness of the Lu- 
theran Church. D. Condition of the people. Destruction of 
the old barriers between them and oppression. Serfdom. 

2. Spread of Disorganizing Ideas, a. French philo- 
sophic ideas among the upper classes. Frederic the Great as 
a type. Effects on government. Effects in producing re- 
forms. Gallomania in literature. B. Among the middle and 
lower classes. Growth of secret associations. The Illumin- 
ati Knigge, Weishaupt, and others. Rise of Revolutionists. 
Feeling of the North Germans toward the first French Re- 
publican army, as pictured in Erckmann-Chatrian's novels. 

3. Condition of Prussia at Outbreak of French 
Revolution. Reign of Fred. William II. (1786-97). Bet- 
ter state of things in Prussia than in some neighboring States. 
Worthless character of Fred. William. Decline of nation 
under him. 

4. Prussian Dealings with the Revolution. Coun- 
sels of leading German statesmen. Hertzberg. Kaunitz. 
Disregard of these counsels by Prussia and Austria. Confer- 
ence and Declaration of Pilnitz. War. Brunswick manifesto. 
First success but final failure. German jealousies. Partition 
of Poland. Languor in war. Treaty of Basle (1795). Prus- 
sian Machiavellianism and the desertion of Austria. First 
fruits. Accession of Fred. William III. (1797-1840). 

5. Prussian Dealings with Napoleon. Continuance 
of Prussian Machiavellianism. Mistake in diplomacy. Mis- 
take in patriotism. Remarks on Johann Von Mtiller's idea 
and on recent denunciation of him. Goethe and the new 



34 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

German literature. Progress of Napoleon. Misgivings of 
Prussia. Hardenburg and Haugwitz. Confederation of the 
Rhine. North German Confederation pretense. The Han- 
over bait. Degradation of Prussia. Lowest point in her his- 
tory. Violation of territory. Declaration of war. Jena 
(1806). Prostration of Prussia. Further humiliations. 
Treaty of Tilsit (1807). Results of her Machiavellianism. 
Diminution of territory. Subordination to French schemes. 
Her part in the Moscow campaign. The retreat, and General 
Yorck's course. Conference of Kalisch. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 35 

PRUSSIA. 
FOURTH LECTURE. 

FROM THE GREAT UPRISING IN 1813 TO 1848. 

i. Result of the Kalisch Conference. King's proc- 
lamation. Diplomatic arrangements for a union of the op- 
pressed nations. 

2. The People. The statesmanship of Stein. Growth of 
patriotic feeling. Patriotic gifts. Growth of a new literature. 
Arndt. Korner. Splendor of the period. 

3. The Struggle. Preparatory efforts of Stein and Scharn- 
horst. New military creations. New military spirit. Blii- 
cher. Battle of Lutzen and Bautzen. Battle of the nations, 
Leipzig, (18 1 3). March on France. Prussian part in the first 
restoration of the Bourbons. Balzac's curious statement re- 
garding Blucher's idea of policy. Comparison with saying at- 
tributed to Bismarck regarding Paris. Prussian part in battle 
of Waterloo, and in the Holy Alliance. 

4. Beginnings of Prussian Recovery. Effects of rev- 
olutionary efforts. Reaction. Dealings of Fred. William 
III. with constitutional ideas. His hesitation and double 
dealing. His dealings with the religious differences of the 
people. Bigotry shown in opposition. Comparison with his- 
tory of Holland in this particular. Difficulty of rapid ad- 
vance under Fred. William III. Vivid remembrances of Rev- 
olutionary Period. 

5. Accession of Fred. William IV. (1840). His good 
qualities. Religious tendencies. Scholarly and artistic feel- 
ing. 

6. POLITICAL PROGRESS, Constitutional growth. Justice 
and liberal parties. Efforts of close relations of court with 
Russia and England. 

7. Religious Relations. Pietism. Beautiful growth of 
charitable institutions. Slow growth of full toleration. 
Treatment of the Baptists in Berlin. 



36 Analysis of Lectures on the History oj 

8. Intellectual Progress. The system of general edu- 
cation. The Real Schulen. The gymnasiums. The univer- 
sities. Free system adopted in them. Intellectual liberty. 
The new brood of scholars. Temptation to subserviency. 
Fearlessness of many. Brilliant intellectual growth. 

9. Material Growth. Growth of great modern indus- 
tries. Krupp and Borsig as types. The railway system. The 
rise of industrial centres. Trade and manufactures. Effects 
of abolition of commercial restrictions between North Ger- 
man States. Splendid public works. The Rhine Bridges. 

10. The Growth OF Art. The collections at Berlin. 
Public monuments. New museums. Rath-haus. Monu- 
ment to Frederic the Great, and others. The completion of 
Cologne Cathedral, and other enterprises. Ranch. Kaulbach, 
Cornelius, Schwanthaler, Schadow, Danneke, and others. 

11. The Growth of Literature. Fallow time after 
Goethe, Schiller, and the great writers of the beginning 
the century. Good and healthy character of literature of 
this period. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. §f 

PRUSSIA. 

FIFTH LECTURE. 

FROM REVOLUTION OF 1S48 TO CLOSE OF WAR WITH FRANCE, 

(1872). 

i. Growth of Feeling in Prussia for Constitutional 
Liberty. Effects of absurd provocations to this spirit. 

2. Growth of Feeling for National Unity. Difficul- 
ties in the character of Fred. William IV., and in the unpop- 
ularity of Prussia and Prussians in the other German States. 
(Reminiscences). 

3. Effects in Prussia of French Revolution of 1848. 
Outbreak in Berlin. The students. Course pursued by King. 
Spirit of the Prince of Prussia (the present Emperor, 1872). 
Wretched results of the German revolution. Waste of effort 
in the deliberative bodies at Berlin and Frankfort. Half-re- 
fusal of the Imperial Grown by Prussian King. Reactionary 
measures. Withdrawal of constitutional concessions. 

4. Exterior Relations. Policy of Prussia during Cri- 
mean War. Caricatures in England and France. The truth 
regarding Prussian policy at that period. 

5. Development of the Prussian Supremacy. Acces- 
sion of William I. Characteristics. First measures as Re- 
gent and King. Increasing stringency in military regula- 
tions. High tone taken at his coronation. Struggle with 
Parliament. Bismarck. Danish War, and acquisitions of ter- 
ritory. Great war with Austria. Great victories and acquisi- 
tions of territory. Seaports. Strategic points. Commercial 
consideration gained by Prussia. 

6. Development of Prussian Monarchy into the Ger- 
man Empire. French alarm at Prussian power. Outbreak of 
war. The.pretext. Prussian readiness and French unreadi- 
ness. Bismarck and Moltke. Olliv.ier. Le Boeuf. Thiers's 
warnings. Conquest of France. Acceptance of the Imperial 
power by King. Annexation of Alsace and Lorraine. Ar- 
guments for and against. The indemnity. Position thus 



33 



Analysis of Lectures on the History of 



given the new Empire. Double lesson taught by Prussian 
success, and its relations to her internal policy. The lesson 
to Europe as regards intellectual freedom. The lesson to 
America as regards discipline, thoroughness, and steadiness. 

7. Struggle between Bismarck and the Roman Cath- 
olic Church. Renan's theory of it. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 39 

RUSSIA. 
FIRST LECTURE. 

1. Physical Characteristics of the Empire. Com- 
parison of its boundaries at different epochs, on historical 
maps. 

2. Beginnings of the Empire. The Republic of Nov- 
gorod, and its boast. The tradition of the calling in of Ru- 
rik (862). Its significance as an indication of a mixture of 
Norman and Sclavonic elements. 

3. VLADIMIR, and the early religious relations of Russia 
(icoo). Truth probably involved in the traditions. Natural- 
ness of the choice of the Greek Church. 

4. The Growth of Cities on Russian Soil in the 
Twelfth Century. The stream of Asiatic commerce in its ef- 
fects on them. 

5. Subjugation of Russia to the Mongols (about 
1250). Effect of the two centuries of this subjection on Rus- 
sian character. Anarchy, and Polish wars. 

6. IVAN III. (Vasilievitch) (1462-1505). His generalship 
and statesmanship. Russia wrested from the Mongols. Ex- 
tension given the empire in all directions. Varied progress. 
Calling in of European artists and artificers. 

7. Ivan IV. (The Terrible) (1 533-1 584). Difference be- 
tween first and last parts of his reign. Condition of Russia 
during his last years. Deepening of Russian loyalty. 

8. BORIS GODOUNOFF (1598). His usurpation. Emanci- 
pation of the Russian Church from the Greek Patriarchal. 
Definite and most unfortunate form given to the serf system. 

9. PERIOD OF Anarchy. Pretenders to the throne. 

10. The First Romanoff. Election of Michael to the 
throne. Statesman-like qualities of the first three princes of 
the present line. 



40 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

RUSSIA. 

SECOND LECTURE. 

i. Peter the Great (1682-1725). Condition of Russia 
as he received it. His training. Ivan and Sophia. The 
throne in the Kremlin. Lefort. 

2. PETER AS A REFORMER. Uis aims and methods. His 
career as general, admiral, mechanic, builder, and law-giver. 
His statesmanship in general. His external policy. Rela- 
tions with Sweden, Turkey, and Poland. Effects of the 
French and English civilization of the period on him. His 
extension of territories. His internal pdicy. Wonderful 
character of his creations. His choice oi~ men. 1 lis dealings 
with the Church, Nikon and the Patriarchate. Misdealings 
with the nobles. The Tschin. Its dealings with the serfs. 
Strengthening of the servile bonds. Over-government. The 
old Russian party. Alexia and the attempted reaction. Re- 
sults. 

3. The Fori; EMPRESSES of the Eighteenth Century in 
Russia. Comparative nullity of the emperors after Peter's 
death. Catharine I. Effect of her plain sense on Peter. 
Anne and Elizabeth. Degeneracy of autocratic rule under 
them. The reign of favorites. Biren and his tyranny. 
Munnich and others. Stagnation in internal affairs. Slow 
development in diplomatic relations. Catharine II. Combi- 
nation of weakness and strength in her character. Disposi- 
tion made of her husband, Peter HI. Orloff and Potemkin. 
Internal development of the empire. Foreign standard set 
up. Relations of Catharine to the Eighteenth Century phi- 
losophy and philosophers. Education of her family. Strik- 
ing surface effects. Slight effect on the people. Type of this 
in her city building. Remark of Joseph IE External rela- 
tions. Increasing definiteness of Russian policy. Signifi- 
cance of the new family names. Relations with Turkey ; with 
GermanyFand Frederic the Great; with Poland and the last 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 4 1 

Polish monarchs ; with the French Revolution. General 
summary of her reign. 

Paul I. (1796-1801). Unfortunate education. Domestic 
policy. His ideas of prerogative. Ordinary tyranny. For- 
eign policy. Espousal of anti-revolutionary ideas. Hatred 
of the French. Welcome to French royal and noble refu- 
gees. Sudden revulsion. Paul turns against England, France 
and Austria. His worship of Bonaparte. The palace in- 
trigue against him. His murder. 



42 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

RUSSIA. 
THIRD LECTURE. 

Russia at beginning of Nineteenth Century. Ac- 
cession of Alexander I. (1800-1825). Remark regarding the 
statesmen surrounding him at his coronation. His character- 
istics, and their development. His external policy. His 
struggle with Bonaparte. Effect of Napoleon's victories upon 
him. The Treaty of Tilsit. Mixed motives of Alexander. 
Mixture of elements in his character. Napoleon's saying. 
Alexander's plans thwarted, and himself deceived by Napo- 
leon. Alexander against Napoleon. Persistency. Effect of 
burning of Moscow. Alexander's part in the Bourbon restora- 
tion in France. His political and religious plans for Europe. 
Madame dc Krudener. The Hoi)' Alliance. Antagonism. 
Struggle between the old Russia and progressive party. In- 
ternal affairs. Cupidity. The old Russian part)'. Pouchkin's 
toast. Efforts at reform. How thwarted. His feeling re- 
garding the serf system. His disappointments. Circum- 
stances of his death. 

NICHOLAS I. (1825-551. Circumstances of his accession. 
The great revolt. The efforts of Republicans and doctrin- 
aires. Curious evidence of utter want of political education 
during this revolt. Nicholas supreme. His character as a 
man and ruler. His internal administration. Attempts at 
reform. Internal improvements. How checked by his own 
fears. His relations to Europe. Character of his influence 
in Europe. Examples in France, Spain, and Hungary. His 
dealings with Poland. Successes in Asia, and against Tur- 
key. His use of his ecclesiastical connection in the East. 
The war in the Crimea. The squabble with France regarding 
the Holy Sepulchre. Interests of I' ranee and England in the 
East. Remark of the first Napoleon regarding the occupancy 
of Constantinople. Condition of Turkey. Sevastopol. 
Nicholas and Sir Hamilton Seymour. Feeline of the Ener- 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 43 

lish people. Aberdeen. Palmerston. Cobden. The war in 
the Crimea. Alma, Inkermann, and Sevastopol. Unsuccess- 
ful attempt of Russia to bring about a diversion, on the side 
of the United States. Curious sympathy for Russia of certain 
classes of Americans. Disappointment, and death of Nich- 
olas. 

Alexander II. Speech to the diplomatic corps at his ac- 
cession. His difficulties. Peace of Paris. Effects of the 
war on the nation. Alexander Herzen and the " Kolokol." 
Freedom of the press, and rise of journalism. Reforms. 
Difficulties. Reforms in telegraphic communication as typ- 
ical. Primary and other schools. Universities. Struggle for 
university reform. Disorders. Emancipation of the serfs. 
Thoroughness and statesmanship of its methods. Feeling of 
the nobles. Efforts for Constitution. New system of admin- 
istration of justice. Vigor in internal improvements. The 
last struggle with Poland. Katkov, and the rousing of Rus- 
sian patriotism against Poland. Nihilism. General summary 
of Alexander's work. 



44 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

RUSSIA. 
FOURTH LECTURE. 

CI I 'I LIZA TIOX IN R US SI A ( TO THE A CCESSIOX OF XICIIOLA SI). 

i. Early Obstacles in the Path of Russian Civiliza- 
tion. Isolation from the main elements of the civilization of 
Western Europe. A. The Roman spirit in Western Europe, 
and its absence in the development of Russia. B. The old 
German spirit in Western Europe, and its absence in the 
building up of Russia. National and individual character. 
Lack of Teutonic invasions. Rurik's coming not an excep- 
tion. Absence of mixture with Teutonic races. Invasions of 
the Mongols. Effect of the Asiatic spirit. C. The Christian 
Church. Russia cut off from the western church by creed, 
ritual, tradition and language. 

2. Misery Resulting from the Early Course of 
Russian Affairs. 

3. Permanent National Institi noNS and Charac- 
teristics thus developed. The Kremlin as typical. Crys- 
tallizations of superstition and fetichism. Early Russian art. 
The architecture of Moscow. Church of St. Basil. Early 
paintings. Shrines of Tzars and Patriarchs, in the Kremlin. 
The Tower of Ivan. Palaces of the old Tzars, and light 
thrown by them on old Russian policy. 

4. Peter the Great. Summary of his work. Evidences 
of his energy at St. Petersburg and Moscow. Peter's great 
errors, and their existing results. Plis own government. Its 
fruits to-day. His depreciation of man as man ; results of 
this in his time and since. Personal observations of my own 
among serfs, and in the country at large. Effects of Peter's 
policy on the serfs, — on the serf-owners, — on the country. 
Summary of good and evil agency of Peter in Russian civili- 
zation. 

5. Catharine II. Good and evil effects of the Eighteenth 
Century ideas and practices upon her. Change in public es- 
timation of her work. 

6. ALEXANDER I. Unfortunate mixture of motives. His 
difficulties within and without the empire. The old Russian 
party. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 45 

RUSSIA. 
FIFTH LECTURE. 

CIVILIZA TION IN RUSSIA {SECOND PART). 

i. The Progress of Russia under Nicholas. Change 
from his character in youth to his character as monarch 
shown by his portraits. Characteristics shown at his acces- 
sion. His physical courage, and moral timidity. Effect of 
traditions of French Revolution upon him. Evidences of 
these in his public improvements ; in his church-building, 
and in dealings with ecclesiastical affairs ; and with official 
corruption. Nicholas's dealings with the serf system. Char- 
acter of the serfs. Their shrewdness ; superstition ; blind 
obedience ; kindly qualities. System of serf labor. Personal 
and crown serfs. Corvee system. Obrok system. Nicholas's 
steadiness in working towards emancipation. Opposing argu- 
ments. 

2. Negative and Positive Elements in Nicholas's 
Character. Want of faith in coordination of liberty and 
order. Faith in despotic methods. His dislike of constitu- 
tional liberty. Two striking monuments of this still in the 
Kremlin : Napoleon's statue, and the dishonored Polish Con- 
stitution. Remaining evidences of it in Europe. His popu- 
larity. The popularity of Russia at one time among certain 
classes in the United States. Causes of this. His death. 

3. Alexander II. Hopes for Russian civilization under 
him. His character. His abolition of the serf system. His 
statesmanlike provision for the freedmen. Relaxation of gov- 
ernmental regulations. Internal improvement. Danger at 
this moment for the old Russian party. 

4. Part taken by Despotism in the development of Rus- 
sian civilization. The internal difficulties. 

5. Part taken by the Nobility. Its wealth ; its weak- 
ness. Display of its inefficiency in Russia, and throughout 
Europe. One exception : Prince Galitzin, in Pennsylvania. 



46 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

6. Part taken by the Clergy. Defect in their funda- 
mental ideas. Their unfortunate views of education. 

7. Part taken by the People at Large. Disturbing 
elements in the provinces on the western frontier. Spirit of 
their poetry and music. Beggary. Anomalies. Subordina- 
tion of mental to physical strength. Encouraging features 
of the great central districts. Good characteristics of the 
nation. Training of the peasantry by the patriarchal demo- 
cratic system. Semi-political activity in peasant villages. 
Effects of the emancipation. Hopes for the Russian people. 
Lessons from the comparison of Russian with American ideas 
and institutions. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 47 

POLAND . 
FIRST LECTURE. 

1. Current Fallacies Regarding Polish History. 
Peculiar value of its careful study. The works of Chodzko, 
Salvandy, Rulhiere, and others. Light thrown on the pro- 
gress of Polish history by the study of historical geography. 

2. Absence of the " Romanic Element " from Polish 
civilization. Important results. Salvandy's statement re- 
garding the effect of this on representative government. 
(Salvandy, Vie de Sobieski, vol. I., pp. 106-9). 

3. THE Nobility. Their Avarlike spirit. Their main idea 
of liberty. Shape taken by this in the Assembly of Volo, 
and the Libcrnm Veto. Tenacity regarding this. Views held 
by nobles regarding commerce and trade. Results : individ- 
ual ; social ; and national. Comparison with Spain in this re- 
spect. 

4. The Polish Clergy. Unfortunate difference between 
their position and political work in Poland, and in Western 
Europe. 

5. The People. Residents of the towns. Jews; effect 
of popular ideas upon them. The serfs ; causes of their deg- 
radation. 

6. Attempts to Better Polish Affairs. Representa- 
tive system of 1467. Its wretched defects. Retention of the 
Liberum Veto. Power left in constituencies. Scope to for- 
eign machinations. 

7. Additional Causes of Anarchy. The Reformation. 
Toleration. Lutherans and Socinians. 

8. The POLISH MONARCHY. Early mixture of hereditary 
and elective principles. The Piasts and Jagellons. Later 
elective character. Curious results. Henry of Valois and 
John Sobieski as types. Sobieski's career. Effects of his re- 
nown in prolonging the life of the Republic. His attempt at 
radical reform. Rulhiere's account of his letter to Louis 



48 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

XIV. The final scene in his attempt at reform. His speech. 
(Salvandy, III., p. 374). 

9. Debasement of Monarchy, Clergy, and Nobility, 
and utter contempt for the people, as shown in two typical 
cases: The dealings with Poland by Charles XII. of Sweden, 
and Catharine II. of Russia. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 49 

POLAND . 

SECOND LECTURE. 

THE PARTITIONS AND FIXAL RUIN. 

i. Excuses for Foreign Intervention. Polish anarchy 
and intolerance. Logical progress from intervention to par- 
tition. Louis XIV. Feud between greater and lesser nobles. 
Attempt at reform checked, and " Polish liberties guaranteed " 
by Russia and Prussia. Secret article in treaty of 1764, as 
given by Schlosser {History of the Eight cent Ji Century, IV., 
383, note). Election, of Poniatowski (1764). Russian ma- 
chinations. Partitions of 1772, '93 and '95. Territorial re- 
sults of each, as shown on historical maps. General results, 
immediate and remote, on Europe. 

2. The Revival of National Feeling. Attempts at 
reform. Constitution of 1791. Toleration. Burghers. Serfs. 
Monarchy. Opposition by neighboring despots. Uprising 
after Second Partition (1794). Kosciusko. His first successes 
and final failure. 

3. Dealings of Napoleon with Poland. Hopes held 
out by him to Polish patriotism. Futility and cruelty of these, 
as shown by Lanfrey. Creation of the Duchy of Warsaw. 
^4. Poland AFTER 181 5. The Russo-Polish kingdom, and 
Alexander I. of Russia. Insurrection of 1831. Consequent 
treatment of Poland by Nicholas. Monument of this in the 
Kremlin at Moscow. True theory of Russian religious per- 
secutions in Poland. The more recent insurrections. Part 
taken by Poles in European revolutionary movements. Sat- 
ire!on this in Sardou's Rabagas. 



50 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

THE TURKISH POWER. 

FIRST LECTURE. 

GROWTH OF THE EMPIRE. 

i. Apparent Remoteness, but Real Value of this 
HISTORY, a. Its relations to the early modern history of 
France and Germany. B. Its relations to the more recent 
history of Russia, England and France. C. Its general value 
in a study of political causes and results. 

2. Beginnings and Progress of the Empire. Legend 
of Ertoghrul (Thirteenth Century). Strong character of Os- 
man and his successors. Conquests. Warlike character of 
the people. Semi-feudal system. The Timarli: Feudal and 
irregular troops. Organization of a paid standing arm)-. The 
Spahis of the Porte. The Janissaries (1361). Advance on 
contemporary military ideas of Europe in this organization. 
Its origin ; spirit ; discipline. 

3. The Last Years of the Old Eastern Empire. 

a. Its political character. Effects of the Byzantine despot- 
ism. Futility of its politic. d expedients. Enervation. Ab- 
ject attitude toward the Turks, and toward Europe. , B. Its 
religious character. Peculiar development of fetichism and 
fanaticism. Ecclesiastical separation from Western Europe. 

4. The Turkish Power Approaching its Height. Its 
stead)' progress in subduing the Byzantine Empire. Tempo- 
rary repulses by European heroes. John of Hunyad. George 
Castriot I Scanderbej 

5. The Conquest of Constantinople (1453). Moham- 
med II. His great qualities. Main features of his conquest 
of the city. Thoroughness of his work in establishing Mo- 
hammedanism. Toleration of the Greek Church. Compari- 
son between the two religions as they then stood. Leading 
effects of the taking of Constantinople on European civiliza- 
tion. Extension of the Turkish power over Greece and to- 
wards Northern Europe. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 5 i 

6. The Alarm OF EUROPE. The " Turk's bell." Lita- 
nies. Attempted crusades. Efforts of the Popes. Capes- 
trano. General failure of combined opposition. Effects of 
the clash of military interests between France and Germany 
on this opposition. Effect of the Reformation. Effect of 
the mercantile spirit of certain Italian Republics. Hungarian 
heroism. John of Hunyad's persistence. His repulse of the 
Turks from Belgrade. Occasional efforts of Venice and Ge- 
noa. 

7. Union of Spiritual and Military Supremacy in 
THE SULTANS. Conquest of Syria by Selim I. His succes- 
sion to the religious heritage of the Caliphs (15 17). 

8. Summary of the Main Causes of the Rise of the 
TURKISH POWER, a. Physical causes. B, Moral causes. 

'Effects of certain doctrines and precepts. Growth of Mo- 
hammedan views regarding eastern Christians and Christian- 
ity. C. Political causes. Peculiar phase of contemporary 
European politics. 



52 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

THE TURKISH POWER. 
SECOND LECTURE. 

THE EMPIRE AT ITS HEIGHT. BEGINNINGS OF ITS DECLINE. 

1. SOLYMAN THE MAGNIFICENT (1520-1565). Galaxy of 
great contemporaries on the thrones of Europe. Solyman's 
victories. Belgrade. Rhodes. Mohacs. Repulse from Vi- 
enna. Effects of contemporary events in aiding him. His 
alliance with Francis I. Splendor of his reign, except at its 
close. 

2. Extent of Territories of the Empire at its 

HEIGHT, a. The Asiatic and African territories. Loose- 
ness of their government. B. The European territories : Cli- 
mate; soil; divisions; people; labor. Slavonians; Rouman- 
ians; Greeks; Jews; Armenians. C. Effect of these divi- 
sions on the retention of Turkish power. D. The great bar- 
riers between the Turkish capital and Europe. The Danube 
and its fortresses. The Danubian provinces. The Balkan. 

3. The War oi Two Hundred Years with Germany. 
Remorseless character of this war. Incentives to ferocity on 
either side. Generalization upon the various treaties during 
its continuance. Rise of great generals on the German side. 
Don John and the battle of Lepanto. Montecuculi and the 
Fabian policy. John Sobieski and the defense of Vienna. 
Prince Eugene. Increasing weakness of the Turks. Periods 
of spasmodic strength. Mohammed IV. and the Vienna ex- 
pedition as typical. 

4. STRUGGLES OF TURKEY with her Asiatic satraps, and 
with Persia. Results of the former of these. Causes and ef- 
fects of the latter. 

5. Struggles with the Italian Republics, a. With 
Genoa. B. With Venice. Temporary success, but final dis- 
comfiture of the Republic. The Morea and Candia. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 53" 

THE TURKISH POWER. 
THIRD LECTURE. 

CONTINUANCE OF DECLINE. 

i. The Hundred Years Struggle with Russia. Ear- 
ly success and final discomfiture of Peter the Great. His tak- 
ing of Azov. His loss of it, and narrow escape. Dealings of 
the Empress Catharine I. and the Grand Vizier on that occa- 
sion, as furnishing typical example in the degeneracy of Turk- 
ish character. 

2. Continuance of Anti-Turkish Policy by Russian 
rulers, especially by Catharine II. New names in the Russian 
Imperial family. Victories of Suwaroff. Treaties of Kut- 
schuk-Kainardschi and Jassy. Line of the Dniester. Appa- 
rent magnanimity of Russia. Her proposed policy. Detach- 
ing of the Crimea from Turkey. 

3. Encroachments of Alexander I. Treaty of Tilsit. 
Napoleon's views and expressions. Russia's gain at Treaty 
of Bucharest (1812). Bessarabia. 

4. Encroachments of Nicholas I, His first war. Pas- 
kievitch and Diebitch. The attack in Asia, — Erivan. The 
attack in Europe, — Passage of the Balkan. Typical difficulty 
of the Turks. Treaty of Adrianople. The new gain in Rus- 
sian policy. Intervention in the Principalities. Nicholas's 
main opponent ; Sir Stratford Canning (Lord Stratford de 
Radcliffe). 

5. The Grecian Struggle for Independence. Diffi- 
culties of the Western Powers. Destruction of the Turkish 
fleet at Navarino. Rapid reversal of European fears regard- 
ing Turkey. 

6. Mahmoud II. His destruction of the Janissaries. Its 
results. 

7. War OF the Crimea. Nicholas of Russia and Sir H. 
Seymour. " Question of the Holy Sepulchre." Orloff at 
Constantinople. Lord Stratford de Radcliffe. Part taken by 



54 



Analysis of Lectures on the History of 



France, England, Sardinia, Austria, Prussia. Silistria, and 
military peculiarities of Turks shown there. Austrian occu- 
pation of Principalites. War transferred to the Crimea. De- 
based position of Turkish troops after defense of the for- 
tresses. The Alma; Inkermann ; Kars ; Sevastopol and its 
capture. The Treaty of Paris ; imperfection of its settle- 
ment. Better solution possible. Turkey under Abdul-Assiz. 
Decline of English, and revival of Russian influence at Con- 
stantinople. Ignatieff. Loss of control in Egypt. Asserted 
independence of Servia. 

8. General Recapitulation Regarding Turkish De- 
cline. A. General moral causes ; effects of them seen in 
reigning family, even before the death of Solyman II. 
Worthlessness of most of his successors. Breaking up na- 
tional feeling. Decline of discipline in the army. Praetorian 
spirit. B. Cessation of the infusion of new and Christian 
blood, c. Toss of certain particularly valuable nurseries of 
soldiers; as the Crimea. D. Successive disasters to its navy. 
Lepanto ; Navarino ; Sinope. E. Destruction of the Janis- 
saries. F. General abnormal character of the whole Turkish 
system. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 5 5 

FRANCE. 

FIRST LECTURE. 

ESTABLISHMENT OF FRENCH UNITY.— CENTRALIZATION.— BE- 
GINNINGS OF INTELLECTUAL RELATIONS IN EUROPE. 

i. Similarity of Political Circumstances and tenden- 
cies in all European nations in Fifteenth Century. Compar- 
isons. 

2. Condition of France at Close of Middle Ages. 
Dismemberment and anarchy. The English occupation. 
Powers and ideas of nobles. Leagues. Lawlessness. Mili- 
tary system. Uncontrolled soldiery. The people ; their 
misery. War, pestilence and famine. The Church. Light 
thrown by the history of that age on certain ecclesiastical 
hopes and promises in this. Character and reign of Charles 
VII. (1422-61). 

3. The Centralization Process. Struggle for national 
existence against the English. Their expulsion. Importance 
to Europe and to France of the year 1453. Results of this 
struggle. Formation of the first standing army. Taille made 
perpetual. Creation of new royal courts or parliaments. Be- 
ginnings of codes. Improvements in France. (Jacques 
Coeur). Dealings with the Church. Questions between 
councils and Popes. Pragmatic sanction. 

4. Reign OF Louis XL (1461-83). Efforts of the nobles. 
King's struggle against them. Traits shown by him. Philip 
de Commines's chronicles. Walter Scott's pictures. Louis's 
style of negotiation. Opposition from all sides. " League of 
the Public Good." Typical examples in his dealings with 
Charles the Bold and the citizens of Liege. His system in 
selecting state servants. Extension of power in creation of 
royal courts of justice. His dealings with the Church. Car- 
dinal Balue's case. Contrast between his public and personal 
relations to the Church. His agency in general progress. 
Th'e Press. The Post. Institutions of learning. Curious 



56 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

exception in his treatment of sundry books. General sum- 
mary of his work. 

5. Charles VIII. (1483-98). Condition of the people, as 
revealed in the statement of grievances at States General of 
1484. Fruitlessness of attempts at reform by that body. 
Revolts of nobles. The expedition into Italy (1494-98). Im- 
portant results to Europe. Its effects on diplomatic and in- 
ternational relations. Results on France. Effects on the na- 
tional character, and on French art. Cause assigned by Gui- 
zot for this and similar expeditions at this period. 

6. Loi'is XII. (1498—15 1 5). External affairs. Continu- 
ance of active interference in Italy. International relations 
developed on a larger scale. Growth of the idea of the " Bal- 
ance of Power." League of Cambray, and Holy League. 
Internal affairs. Growth of royal courts or parliaments; of 
better criminal procedure ; of legal profession ; of postal 
communication ; of art, and especially architecture. Good 
effect of Louis's personal character on the nation. Evil ef- 
fects of the personal characteristics of certain French mon- 
archs on French history; Francis I., Henry IY., and Louis 
XIV. as examples. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 57 

FRANCE. 
SECOND LECTURE. 

THE RENAISSANCE. 

i. Influences upon European Culture and Thought 
at the end of the Fifteenth Century and at the beginning of 
the Sixteenth. 

2. How these Influences were Brought to Bear on 
France. Feeble influence from the German side. Strong 
influence from the Italian side. Effects of the French mili- 
tary expeditions into Itaty about the beginning of the Six- 
teenth Century. 

3. Renaissance Architecture in France. Temporary 
development of beauty. General peculiarities of French 
structures of this period ; their two main phases. Two grades 
of Paganism : St. Eustache at Paris, and the Chapel of St. 

.Pierre at Caen, as types of the first; the Chateaux of Anet 
and Fontainebleau, as types of ths second. 

4. Renaissance Sculpture. The calling in of foreign 
sculptors: Benevenuto Cellini. Height attained by French 
native genius: Jean Goujon. 

5. Renaissance Painting. Importation of great Italian 
artists and works. Traditions regarding the respect shown 
them by Francis I. Legend of the death of Leonardo da 
Vinci. The reception of Raphael's work. 

6. The Plastic Arts. Bernard Palissy and his work. 
His real greatness. Continued development of these arts 
under Henry II. 

7. The New Scholarship. Erasmus at Paris. Budaeus. 
Henry Estienne. Dolet. Opposition to the Sorbonne and 
Scholastics. 

8. The New LITERATURE. Marot and Rabelais at its ex- 
tremes. Opposing tendencies in the literature of this period. 
Unfortunate result. 

9. Character and Ideas of Francis I. (1515-47) in re- 



5! 



A nalysis of Lectures on the History of 



lation to the New Art and Culture. His influence in stimu- 
lating it ; his influence in corrupting it. Treatment of Palissy 
and Jean Goujon, as revealing the evil side of his influence. 

10. Creation of the Court. Good and evil of this. 
Evil results predominant. Effect of this new institution on 
the Renaissance. Lesson in regard to the position of wo- 
man in civilized society. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. $9 

FRANCE. 
THIRD LECTURE. 

THE REFORMATION AND WARS OF RELIGION. 

i. Comparison of French History at this period with 
that of Northern Europe on the one hand, and Southern 
Europe on the other. 

2. The Reform Party in France. Lefevre. Faber. 
Briconnet. Calvin. Effects of popular discontent in leading 
many of the poorer rural population into it. Same effect on 
certain high nobles by supremacy of certain foreign families, 
as Medici, Guise, and others, at court. Tendencies of certain 
thoughtful men and women. Margaret of France. 

3. THE CHURCFI Party. The court. Peculiar union of 
churchmansliip and immorality at the court. Position of 
the King. 

4. Beginnings of Government Dealings with Hete- 
rodoxy. Theory at bottom of these. Special examples 
made by Francis I. The Vaudois. Struggle of King's bet- 
ter instincts with tendencies to persecution, as shown in Ber- 
quin's case. The King yields. Death of Berquin. Tortures 
of supposed sacrilegious enemies of the Church. 

5. Henry II. and Anne Dubourg. Protestant conspira- 
cy of Amboise. Retribution. 

6. Attempts of Parties to Agree. Futility of this, as 
shown at the Colloquy of Poissy. Attempts at toleration. 
L' Hopital thwarted by fanatics on both sides. Bodin and 
Castelnau unheeded. 

7. Outburst of Civil War. Party power gets beyond 
government control. Outrage at Vassy. Retaliations. 

8. The Growth of Parties. Natural division at such 
periods into three factions : I. Leaders and followers of the 
Catholic party. The Guises. Mixture of motives. Popular 
element in the party. II. The Huguenot party. Coligny 
and the Bourbons. III. The Moderate party. The logic of 



60 Analysis of Lectures on the History of 

each of these parties. The " Logic of Events," in producing 
such parties. 

9. Utter Incapacity of the Valois Kings to control 
the struggle. Henry II. Francis II. Charles IX. Henry 
III. (1547-98). Contemporary views. (Citations from 
UEstoilc, and Life of Charles IX 1. Their wavering between 
the two extremes. Political motives mixed with religious. 
Massacre of St. Bartholomew. Its immediate and remote re- 
sults. Catholic and Protestant judgment of it. 

10. WARS OF THE LEAGUE. General spirit of the time. 
Henry III. and his court. Difficult position of his court be- 
tween religious, political and personal considerations, lli^ 
persecution of the Huguenots, and concessions to them. 
Stimulus applied to the people from the pulpits. " The Six- 
teen." Curious parallel between some of its methods and 
those of the Puritans. Aid from reactionary powers abroad. 
Sympathy of Philip II. Horrors of the religious war. The 
Guises at the height of their power. The barricades. The 
Guises assassinated. Assassination of Henry III. Demoral- 
ization and disorganization of France. 

11. Effects of tin: Reformation and wars of religion 

on the physical condition of the French people; on their in- 
tellectual condition ; on their moral condition ; on their po- 
litical development. The great want of France. 



The Greater States of Continental Europe. 6 1 

FRANCE. 
FOURTH LECTURE. 

IIENR Y IV. 

i. State of France after the Assassination of Hen- 
ry III. Condition of Paris. Doings in the pulpits and con- 
vents. Condition of the country at large. 

2. The Struggle of Henry against Force. Efforts of 
the Church ; of Spain; of factions. Elements of strength in 
Henry. His early life. His training. Its first < great result. 
Montcontour. His general character. Combination in him 
of various qualities admired or allowed in that phase of civil- 
ization. His shrewdness in the massacre period. Legiti- 
macy. Its recognition by his predecessor, and non-recogni- 
tion by the Church and religionists. His military progress. 
Arcques and Ivry as typical battles. Wildness of the League 
in Paris. Religious fanaticism of the dregs of the French 
populace. Light thrown by these events on recent Parisian 
history. Executions among the Paris leaguers. Paris taken. 

2. The Struggle against Opinion. Change wrought 
in popular feeling. Strange revolution in Parisian sentiment. 
Henry's personal efforts toward this. His sayings. (On the 
manufacture of popular sayings for militant rulers in France). 
His kindly acts. The Satire Mc'nippe'e. (Citations from the 
earliest and latest editions). Change wrought in religious 
feeling. Effect of his coronation. His conversion. En- 
trance into Paris. Pacification of the country, and peace 
with Spain. Vervins, 1598. 

4. Religious Policy. Religious condition of France. 
Policy involved in Henry's conversion. His argument upon 
it. Conditions of the absolution. The absolution ceremony 
at Rome. Reestablishment of the Jesuits. Feeling of the 
Protestants. Duplessis, Mornay and D'Aubigny as types. 
The Edict of Nantes. Peculiarities of guaranties to the 
Protestants; granting strongholds; dangers of this system. 



f 



62 Analysis of Lectures on tlic History of 

Comparison of the Edict of Nantes with the Peace of Passau. 

5. Foreign Political Policy. Dealings with the Aus- 
trian power. Plans of Henry and Sully for a great new Eu- 
ropean States system. 

6. Domestic Policy. Mixture in Henry's statesmanship 
of thoughtfulness and extravagance ; of sympathy for the 
people and carelessness. Magnanimous treatment of hostile 
parties and individuals. SULLY. His ideas and reforms; his 
financial management ; his special encouragement to agricul- 
ture ; theory on which this was based. Olivier des Serres, 
and his influence on agriculture. Devotion of Henry to man- 
ufactures ; beginnings of leading modern branches of French 
manufacturing industry. Public works ; building ; the last of 
the cathedrals. Dealings with the nobles. Their exactions 
and lawlessness. D'Epernon and Biron ; their relations to 
taxation. Duelling. 

7. Colonial POLICY. Champlain in America. 

8. New Growth of Fanaticism. Disappointment at 

bottom of it. The assassination of Henry by Ravaillac. 



POSTSCRIPT TO SYLLABUS. 

A. // may be observed regarding the foregoing Syllabus of 
Lectures that it lacks completeness, because it omits the History 
of England. The simple reason for giving the History of the 
Great Continental Poivers and omitting a distinct scries of Lec- 
tures on England is, that Professor Goldwin Smith has 
charge of that subject. 

B. Lt may also be noted that the scries of Lectures on French 
History, unlike those on the other nations of Europe, stops far 
short of the modern period. The completion is given in tliree 
additional series of Lectures — already prepared and prese?tted 
to my classes— on " French History from Richelieu to 
the Revolution;" on "The French Revolution;" and 
on "French History from the Revolution of 1789 to 
1874." 

A,D, W, 



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